Important Questions
12 concise, exam-focused answers with examples
Q1. SDLC Phases
- Requirements: Elicitation, analysis, SRS
- Design: High-level and detailed design
- Implementation: Coding standards, reviews
- Testing: Unit→Integration→System→Acceptance
- Deployment: Release, rollback plan
- Maintenance: Corrective, adaptive, perfective, preventive
Q2. Waterfall vs Agile
| Aspect | Waterfall | Agile (Scrum) |
|---|---|---|
| Process | Linear, phase-gate | Iterative, incremental |
| Change | Hard, late changes costly | Embraces change |
| Customer | Early involvement only | Continuous involvement |
| Delivery | One big release | Sprints (2–4 weeks) |
| Docs | Heavy SRS/design docs | Working software > docs |
Q3. SRS (Software Requirements Specification)
Qualities: Correct, Unambiguous, Complete, Consistent, Ranked, Verifiable, Modifiable, Traceable.
Contents: Purpose, Scope, Definitions, Overall description, Functional/Non-functional requirements, Constraints, Assumptions, Appendices.
Q4. UML Diagrams
- Structural: Class, Object, Component, Deployment
- Behavioral: Use Case, Sequence, Activity, State
Use Case Example:
Actor: Customer
Use Cases: Browse, Add to Cart, Checkout
Extensions: Discount, Cancel
Q5. SOLID Principles
- Single Responsibility
- Open/Closed
- Liskov Substitution
- Interface Segregation
- Dependency Inversion
Q6. Architecture Styles
- Layered (n-tier)
- Client–Server
- Microservices
- Event-driven
- MVC/MVVM
Q7. Testing Levels & Types
- Levels: Unit, Integration, System, Acceptance
- Types: Functional, Non-functional (performance, security, usability), Regression, Smoke, Sanity
Q8. White-box vs Black-box Testing
- Black-box: Based on requirements; techniques: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis
- White-box: Based on code; coverage: statement, branch, path
Q9. Estimation: LOC & Function Points
- LOC: Size → Effort via COCOMO; language-dependent
- Function Points: User-visible functions (inputs/outputs/inquiries/files/interfaces); language-independent
Q10. Risk Management
- Identification → Analysis → Prioritization → Mitigation → Monitoring
- Techniques: Risk matrix, FMEA
Q11. Configuration Management
- Version control (Git): branching, tagging, releases
- Build & Release management
- Change control and audits
Q12. DevOps & CI/CD
- CI: Frequent merges, tests (quality gates)
- CD: Automated deploys, canary/blue-green
- Tooling: GitHub Actions, Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes